Sun life

linux: check memory usage by 'free'

2011-06-07T10:48:00.000-07:00

free -m -t

in MB. Note: since the memory is utilized by kernal than it is wasted. If you are curious how much memory you can use for your applications, you should check the 'free' column in the row of '-/+ buffers/cache'.

linux: sort

2011-06-06T11:05:00.000-07:00

Use the command

sort -n -t. -k4

to sort strings like:
------------------------------
str1.str2.str3.1.txt
str1.str2.str3.10.txt
str1.str2.str3.2.txt
str1.str2.str3.21.txt
------------------------------

Use '-t' to define delimiter, '-n' for number sorting, '-k' for column number

linux: how to generate an animated gif picture

2011-06-02T12:50:00.000-07:00

gifsicle --loopcount --colors 256 --delay=50 1.gif 2.gif 3.gif > output.gif

'delay' is a parameter similar as 'frame rate', 50 means 50/100 seconds between frames.

linux: convert pictures (jpg) to avi movie

2011-06-02T12:47:00.000-07:00

If you have pic files like:
drilldata00001.jpg
drilldata00002.jpg
drilldata00003.jpg

then you can use:

mencoder -speed 0.1 "mf://drilldata%05d.jpg" -o movie_drilldata.avi -ovc lavc -lavcopts vcodec=mjpeg

to generate an avi movie. The speed '0.1' is slower, '1' used the default frame rate. '1o' goes faster...

linux: merge pdf

2011-01-04T09:55:00.001-08:00

gs -dNOPAUSE -sDEVICE=pdfwrite -sOUTPUTFILE=firstANDsecond.pdf -dBATCH first.pdf second.pdf

Thinkpad 410 brighness adjustment in ubuntu!

2011-01-02T21:03:00.001-08:00

http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=1515079#post9494941

Have to add

Code:

Option "RegistryDwords" "EnableBrightnessControl=1"

to your /etc/X11/xorg.conf under devices section. Make sure the quotation marks are the same as if you type them.

Linux: how to remove ^M at each line end

2010-12-08T12:57:00.001-08:00

I got an acsii file from a Window's user. If it is a regular windows text file, then I can use a command 'dos2unix' to convert it in unix format. However, it doesn't work. I use 'less' to have a look at it, it looks like:

line1^M line2^M

. If I use emacs to view it, it looks okay like a regular file. In order to convert it to unix format, I use 'gedit' to do the conversion. A user will be reminded that you save as which format...

linux: screen

2010-10-30T22:59:00.000-07:00

screen is a useful command when you do not have other better choice like vnc, specially for background job running. One thing that bothered me is I cannot page up and down simply even specified by

screen -h 2000

So I have to enter copy/paste mode by: ctrl+a, esc, page down/up

linux: renice

2010-08-25T15:55:00.000-07:00

from : http://linux.about.com/library/cmd/blcmdl8_renice.htm

Users other than the super-user may only alter the priority of processes they own, and can only monotonically increase their ``nice value'' within the range 0 to PRIO_MAX (20). (This prevents overriding administrative fiats.) The super-user may alter the priority of any process and set the priority to any value in the range PRIO_MIN (-20) to PRIO_MAX Useful priorities are: 20 (the affected processes will run only when nothing else in the system wants to), 0 (the ``base'' scheduling priority), anything negative (to make things go very fast).

linux: data transfter

2010-05-28T20:59:00.000-07:00

rsync -xval mycomp.xxx.com:/home/xxx .

ROOT: make plots more beautiful

2010-04-11T16:50:00.001-07:00

http://ultrahigh.org/2007/08/20/making-pretty-root-color-palettes/

In ROOT, we can change its default to make plots more beautiful.

void
set_plot_style()
{
const Int_t NRGBs = 5;
const Int_t NCont = 255;

Double_t stops[NRGBs] = { 0.00, 0.34, 0.61, 0.84, 1.00 };
Double_t red[NRGBs] = { 0.00, 0.00, 0.87, 1.00, 0.51 };
Double_t green[NRGBs] = { 0.00, 0.81, 1.00, 0.20, 0.00 };
Double_t blue[NRGBs] = { 0.51, 1.00, 0.12, 0.00, 0.00 };
TColor::CreateGradientColorTable(NRGBs, stops, red, green, blue, NCont);
gStyle->SetNumberContours(NCont);
}

Linux:bash:about "delete key"

2010-04-11T10:14:00.000-07:00

When I use "delete key" in some bash terminal, the key sends a tilde "~" instead of deleting the char that is supposed to be deleted.

Find a solution:
1. In your $HOME directory, create or edit your keyboard-mapping file, $HOME/.inputrc
2. Add one mapping line:

"\M-[3~": delete-char

3. restart your terminal

Linux: how to reduce eps file size?

2010-03-29T11:56:00.000-07:00

I have couples of eps files which have a large size (>10 MB). Thus when using them in Latex, the output files (either pdf or ps) become very large and very slow to view. So it is necessary to reduce them first. Here provided is an approch working in Linux.

Create a new open office drawing file, past your large eps file to the canvas.
Add your canvas hence it has no too much extra-space (magine)
Export your drawing file to a PDF file. Here you can use low compress factors etc.
Use "pdftops -eps YourFile.pdf" to get your small-size eps file

Note: You can use open office drawing to export your file to an eps file directly, however, the eps file is even larger than your original one, so this exporting is not useful.

Linux: overwrite

2010-01-29T00:18:00.000-08:00

http://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/howto-keep-file-safe-from-overwriting.html

 set -o noclobber
(no overwrite)

set +o

noclobber
(overwrite)

Linux: VNC

2010-01-29T00:15:00.000-08:00

I use the following line to start up:

vncserver :1 -name kde -geometry 1250x760 -depth 24

Use Fortran subroutines in C++

2009-11-18T11:43:00.000-08:00

Good article

Another one

Linux: vnc via ssh

2009-10-24T20:58:00.000-07:00

remind myself:
1. start 'vncserver -name X' on server computer (that you try to connect by ssh)
Note: X is a session name which is defined in the file: ~/vnc/xstartup
2. ssh -L 5902:localhost:5901 YourAccountName@YourServerID(or hostname) in one local terminal
3. vncviewer localhost:5902 in your another local terminal

linux: how to insert an img to pdf files

2009-08-14T08:22:00.000-07:00

If you want to insert an image (like your picture, signature etc.) to an existing pdf file and you don't have acrobat professional version (that allows you to edit a pdf file within the software). Then you may be able to use the following steps with combination of different tools that are available in linux:

You have an image file (say, one lovely picture) and one pdf file (Orig.pdf) to which you want to insert your picture
Use "gimp" to open them. For the pdf file, you have to select which page that you want to insert your picture to, and then open the page (NOTE: in order to have good quality and same size as the original page, you may have to set "resolution" as 320. I tried 300 and 400, and realized that 320 is the proper value)
In "gimp", copy your picture on the pdf page. You can use the menu "Layer -> Scale Layer ..." to scale your picture to fit your requirement.
Save your modified pdf page as one "eps" file.
In terminal, convert the eps file to a pdf file by "epstopdf MyPage.eps" to get MyPage.pdf
Then, still in your terminal, use the tool "pdftk" to merge the 2 pdf files (Orig.pdf and MyPage.pdf):

pdftk A=Orig.pdf B=MyPage.pdf cat A1-4 B1 A6-11 output Combined.pdf
where we assume MyPage.pdf will be inserted as Page 5 while totoal pages in Orig.pdf are 11 pages.

Merge pdf files:

pdftk 1.pdf 2.pdf 3.pdf cat output 123.pdf

linux:command:pdf: a useful tool

2009-08-13T22:25:00.000-07:00

In linux, there is a very useful PDF tool called pdftk

http://www.accesspdf.com/pdftk/

Java:Compile Errors

2009-07-02T16:33:00.000-07:00

When I try to install a java program (JaxoDraw) by ant that draws Feynman diagram, I met some errors with my laptop settings. Here are 3 errors that printed on the screen:

Unable to locate tools.jar. Expected to find it in /usr/lib/jvm/java-1.5.0-gcj-4.2-1.5.0.0/lib/tools.jar

BUILD FAILED: /work/JaxoDraw-2.0-0/build.xml:xxx:
Unable to find a javac compiler;
com.sun.tools.javac.Main is not on the classpath.
Perhaps JAVA_HOME does not point to the JDK

/work/JaxoDraw-2.0-0/build.xml:191: Error starting modern compiler

My solution and checking are:
1. I do not have jdk installed. So I installed it first.
2. Set JAVA_HOME="/usr/lib/jvm/java-6-sun-1.6.0.07/" (which is one java location)
3. compile by ant -lib /usr/lib/jvm/java-6-sun-1.6.0.07/lib/tools.jar (maybe, -lib ... won't be needed any more, I don't know)

Linux:Shell:Bash: how to search slash or backslash by sed

2009-07-01T18:42:00.000-07:00

It is tricky to search (or replace) signs slash '\' or backslash '/' by sed. By searching internet, I found 2 approaches:

1. Put the command line of sed to a file called my.sed:

/D\\O/p

(this will print a line containing 'D\O')

2. Another way is to use single quote instead of double one in your shell command line:

sed -n '/D\\O/ p' myfile.txt

(-n is prevent from printing)

Linux: how to change background color of xdvi

2009-04-20T15:09:00.000-07:00

If you want to change background color or whatever other settings of one application under X windows, for example, xdvi, you could set it in your file: ~/.Xdefaults by

xdvi*background: white
xdvi*foreground: black

.

Note: your changes will be starting after you log out and in.

ROOT: how to set TGraph Xaxis range.

2009-04-20T10:58:00.000-07:00

It seems that I cannot set the x-axis range of TGraph by

graph->GetXaxis()->SetRangeUser(0,1);

. I have to use

graph->GetXaxis()->SetLimits(0,1);

to do this task. But the former way is working for y-axis.

Linux:shell:BASH: How to delete one line by sed

2009-04-09T10:47:00.001-07:00

If you want to delete one line containing one word "ThisWord" by sed, then you can do in the way:

sed -i "/ThisWord/d" YourTextFile.txt

Note, here '-i' is to delete it from the original file. Without it, sed only prints the file on screen. So before using '-i', make sure you are doing correct things.

Linux:shell:Bash: How to change color of your shell printout

2008-12-18T09:48:00.000-08:00

You could use 'echo -e' to change your printout text and background color by some color variables. One of the easiest ways to use them is to define shell variable, for example, define those variables in your shell script:

red='\e[0;31m'
RED='\e[1;31m'
blue='\e[0;34m'
BLUE='\e[1;34m'
cyan='\e[0;36m'
CYAN='\e[1;36m'
NC='\e[0m' # No Color

. '\e[0;36m': 0's place is the color of background (0, no effect, 1, bold, 4, underline) and 36 is the text color. You also can change background colors due to color values in the color table. For example, '\e[41;34m' changes background color to red and text color to blue.

How to print?

echo -e "$red These texts are in red$NC" #you must use '-e' to enable interpretation of the backslash-escaped characters, see echo's help.

or if you want to use it in 'printf':

printf "%s\n" "`echo -e $red`These texts are in red`echo -e $NC`"

There is a table of color values attached (this table is from the link). You can find color values what you want.

linux:shell: /bin/tar: Argument list too long

2008-11-23T12:21:00.000-08:00

When you create a tar archive and have an error: /bin/tar: Argument list too long, then you could try an argument of tar:

-T or --files-from=F

(which allows you to get names to extract or create from file F).

linux:shell: broken 'while' loop

2008-11-12T15:44:00.001-08:00

When I do a while loop in which there is a command 'ssh', the while loop just goes only one iteration and quits. The problem is from 'ssh' read stdin so that 'while' cannot read anymore and stop afterwards, for example,

while read CompName
do
ssh $CompName 'ls'
echo "Done"
done <>

In the example, only one iteration is conducted (including the echo line). The solutions are provided by google searching. One is general one, I think. 1) Redirect ssh stdin by

< /dev/null ssh $CompName 'ls'

2) ssh-specified trick: use '-n':

ssh -n $CompName 'ls'

linux:shell:bash:grep: multi-grep

2008-11-08T10:51:00.000-08:00

If I want to search multi words by grep, I could do in the way:

egrep "a|b|c|d" my_input_file.txt

then egrep will help you to search OR of a, b, c and d. If searching for AND of multi-words, you can do by pipe:

grep a my_input_file.txt |grep b |grep c |grep d

. However, sometimes, it is not so easy to use pipe in one line for the above usage. You can always build string of the command first and evaluate it. For example,

cmd="grep $var1 my_input_file.txt|grep $var2"
...
cmd="$cmd |grep $var3"
...
eval $cmd

Linux:shell: awk: multiple separators

2008-11-08T10:40:00.000-08:00

'awk' is a very useful shell command (also a program language) in linux (unix). You split one text line by it. For example, for the line

line="aa, b c , d , f "

what you can do in shell command (bash) is

echo $line|awk -F "," '{print $1 $2 $3 $4}' # to get different columns separated by ","

However, if you wanna split one line with multi-separators, then you could do in the way, for example,

$ line="aa, bb_ ccd: ee"
$ echo $line |awk -F ",|_|:" '{print $1$2$3}'

Note here "|" will do logic "OR" of all separators. This is similar 'egrep'. If you want to grep multi key words, then you could do in the same way (which has been addressed in my other blog, just search grep ).

Latex: subfigure: how to get rid of 'counter' of subcaption

2008-10-23T16:29:00.000-07:00

The subfigure 's tutorial

If you want to get rid of 'counter' in front of your sub-captions, use to redefine the command: \thesubfigure by:

\renewcommand*{\thesubfigure}{}

(originally one in subfigure.sty is

\renewcommand*{\thesubfigure}{(\alph{subfigure})}

)

Linux:command: du and quota

2008-10-14T10:16:00.000-07:00

My disk quota is full on my account at Fermilab (.../home/zhiyil/desktop/...). So I have to clean to get more rooms to store files to SAM. Use the command:

du -s * .[a-zA-Z]* | sort -n

get an idea of which file is the largest one so that you could deal with them.

Linux:command:shell: diff

2008-10-09T12:31:00.001-07:00

One of layouts of printout of the command 'diff' is called: --side-by-side or -y which is also useful. Change the column width, just use

-W columns
--width=columns

. An example:

diff --side-by-side -W 130 file1.txt file2.txt

Linux:command: seq

2008-10-07T16:04:00.000-07:00

When printing a sequence of numbers, use 'seq'. One of arguments is '-w' or '--equal-width' which will equalize width by padding with leading zeros.

CVS: update

2008-09-18T16:25:00.001-07:00

If you want to checkout the newest version of the package, then do

cd
cvs update .

or

cvs update -A FileWhatYouWantToCheckOut
If you want to get an idea of the difference:

cvs diff

statistics:chi-square calculator

2008-09-18T16:25:00.000-07:00

A page to calculate chi-square.

http://www.stat.tamu.edu/~west/applets/chisqdemo.html

given freedom.

linux:tools: how to edit pdf files

2008-09-16T17:13:00.000-07:00

To the Linux Users who need to edit pdf files or figures:
In Linux, you may use pdfedit or xfig etc to edit pdf files, however, they are not good enough. For example, pdfedit is too slow to make users mad ( I am one of victims :-( ). However, you could use an online tool here:

http://www.pdfescape.com

to edit your pdf files. Fast, easy to use...

Linux:shell:command: speed up 'grep'

2008-09-16T16:39:00.000-07:00

'grep' is very slow when using it in a UTF-8 mode, specially for a large text file. However, it is fast if using 'C' mode. Use the command 'locale' to check the variable of 'LC_ALL'. Then

export LC_ALL="C"

(from http://tdas.wordpress.com/2008/02/03/speed-up-grep)

I tested it. The "C" mode is faster 50 times than the regular mode!

Linux: how to get cpu and memory information

2008-08-25T14:45:00.000-07:00

In linux, look into the files: /proc/cpuinfo and /proc/meminfo to get information about CPU and memory.

Latex: change row color of table

2008-08-19T17:22:00.000-07:00

An example here:

\usepackage[table]{xcolor}
(if you use pdflatex and/or beamer, perhaps you need to transit 'table' by
\documentclass[xcolor=table..]{beamer} or you will have an error like:
! LaTeX Error: Option clash for package xcolor.
)

\begin{table}
\centering
\rowcolors{2}{gray!10}{}\tiny
\begin{tabular}{c||cc|cc}\hline\hline
....
\end{tabular}
\caption{...}
\end{table}

Linux: /tmp cleanup frequency

2008-08-18T22:06:00.000-07:00

kerberos is working well in my laptop. However, since the temp ticket file krb5*** is stored in /tmp which is cleaned up as reboot, I cannot use kinit -R to renew the ticket-granting ticket even within its renewable life. So what I do is to change /tmp cleanup frequency. How? edit the file:

/etc/default/rcS

and check the default value of "TMPTIME", 0 means cleanup as reboot. TMPTIME=14 means that the files in the directory will be deleted in a frequency of 2 weeks.

ROOT: error: `Bool_t' does not name a type

2008-08-15T12:32:00.000-07:00

In ROOT all 'new' types are defined in the file RType.h and if you wanna use those types in your cpp code you must include any head file based on TObject.h because each head file in ROOT includes RType.h or you just directly include it.

Latex: Error: ! LaTeX Error: Too many unprocessed floats.

2008-08-14T12:32:00.000-07:00

When using too much floating figures or tables, latex fails to locate those elements, you may counter the error:

! LaTeX Error: Too many unprocessed floats.

. One of solutions is to use the package 'float' and add [H] in your figure environment. Example:

\usepackage{float} %before text body

\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{fig_tauid/plot_compare_tauprop_allvar_TTauAndTauIDTree_20080814_Tau_dalpha.eps}
\caption{Comparison between different samples used in tau ID study.}
\end{figure}

linux:ssh:kerberos

2008-07-26T08:18:00.000-07:00

Installing proper kereros and connecting with fermilab by ssh are always a bit tricky. Sometimes it needs old version openssh, sometimes it needs more... I don't know. One guy from Fermilab has a post talking about his experience based on ubuntu:

http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=486284

I didn't follow his steps (since I just installed a new system, I need to install what I need). The basic idea is:

install openssh (I installed newest one)
install krb5
sudo apt-get install krb5-user
copy configure file (/etc/krb5.conf) from any computer of fermilab to your local computer (in the same location)

then you could connect !

Although you could connect, please make sure you have right parameters both in ssh_config and sshd_config due to Fermilab security policy. I have a problem with it (once log in to one computer of clued0, I type klist, nothing found). I got the solution from kerberos-users of fnal:
===
Make sure your SSH client configuration in ssh_config (usually in /etc/ssh/)
contains the lines

GSSAPIAuthentication yes
GSSAPIDelegateCredentials yes
===

Computer:laptop: buy a new laptop, Lenovo T61

2008-07-26T08:05:00.000-07:00

Yesterday I got my new laptop: Lenovo thinkpad T61. I am a thinkpad fan and always crazy about its classic design. IBM thinkpad was gone for ever while this branch was sold to Lenovo. My old one is thinkpad T41 following me for more than 4 years. Until now it is still very stable even after several strong damages by my honey heart (you know what this means :-) ). Before it was acted by falling down, I made an order to my new one: T61, yes, Lenovo T61.

Looking: thicker than T41. I guess designers wanna better air flow... although T41 is also very good in emiting heats unlike some other brands (the name beginning with 'com', you know this ;-p) which can be able to be a good heater in winter. Of course, the computer is very solid in looking, feeling and essence.

Layout: I may take a while to be used it. The new layout seems better. for example, mic slot is closer to your ears, more USBs, _shielded_ top light (previous one has a light too, but it is facing your eyes when you looked at it)...

....

Shell:Bash:replace substring in string

2008-07-08T21:22:00.001-07:00

${string/substring/replacement} Replace first match of $substring with $replacement
${string//substring/replacement} Replace all matches of $substring with $replacement
${string/#substring/replacement} If $substring matches front end of $string, substitute $replacement for $substring
${string/%substring/replacement} If $substring matches back end of $string, substitute $replacement for $substring

Refer to the link for more information.

Software: Opera

2008-06-18T09:54:00.000-07:00

Firefox released the version of 3.0, however, some favorite add-on are not avaible yet in the mean time. So currently I may not use firefox 3.0. However, a good alternate is opera. Actually I started to use opera since its version of 3.0, now the opera is pretty matual and extremely fast.

At the first, I didn't find how to find or search text in the page what you are browsering, which is not so convenient. Use ctrl+f just actives a window to allow you to search. I want a search function like one in Firefox. Yes, I just find it: use . to active it!

Linux:Bash:how to print quotation marks in awk

2008-05-13T17:32:00.000-07:00

ls | awk '{print "'\''"$1"'\''"}'

or

awk 'BEGIN { print "Here is a single quote \47" }'

Linux:shell: how to change color of your prompt

2008-05-06T17:17:00.000-07:00

I find a good paper:

http://www.funtoo.org/en/articles/linux/tips/prompt/

to teach you how to change the color of your prompt. Actually I did this change long time ago, however, there is a problem in my setting. I didn't use "\[" and "\]" to include the string so that my shell cannot precisely calculate word-wrap and once I input long strings in the command line, my line will mass up.

Linux:command:cut

2008-04-24T14:31:00.000-07:00

see 'man cut' for help information. Example here:

$ who am i | cut -f1-2 -d " " #print the first column
$ who am i | cut -f2- -d " " #print non-first columns

Web:cluster maps

2008-04-02T12:13:00.000-07:00

http://www.clustrmaps.com/getone.php
http://www4.clustrmaps.com/counter/maps.php?url=http://zyliu2005.blogspot.com/

linux: open pdf within a browser window AND how to browse e-books from NetLibrary

2008-03-27T16:04:00.000-07:00

Lots of interesting e-books from our SFU library are based on the site of www.netlibrary.com . The readers have to go to the online lib. However, the NetLib didn't provide Linux users about their reader softerware (only for windows users). I notice that essentially when one reads an e-book online, it is a pdf file downloaded (only one page each time). No need special reader at all! However, my browser cannot open pdf file within a browser window so that I have to click a diagostic window to save it or read it by certain pdf software. If I can read pdf files within the browser, then the life becomes simpler. No need to open the pdf file each time, just read the book in the browser! I tried some approaches by following instructions on the internet. Finally I solve the problem. I think the essential steps are also useful for windows users.

- type : about:plugins in your web address blank line to see if acrobat reader plugins over there. If not, see the next
- try to find the lib file which should be located in the directory where acrobat reader is installed, in my case, it is:

/opt/Adobe/Reader8/Browser/intellinux/nppdf.so . copy it over to the directory where

firefox is installed, in my case,

/home/myusername/.mozilla/plugins/

- check about:plugins again. If not, read the next line.
- re-initialize the data base, remove files pluginreg.dat where your firefox is installed.
- I guess the problem should be solved. I refer to the web page here:

http://support.mozilla.com/en-US/kb/Opening+PDF+files+within+Firefox

Emacs: how to auto-complete word

2008-03-09T14:46:00.000-07:00

Both vim and emacs have a function to auto-complete words. For example, in emacs, type "M-/" then it will help you automatically complete the word currently you are typing in. This specially is useful as programming.

Also, I find a good file to compare commands in vim and emacs. In order to avoid the original page is dead, I post it here for reference. The original address is: http://karl-voit.at/vim-emacs-cheatsheet_of_freezing_hell.txt

,----
| emacs-stamp: Time-stamp: <2006-11-07>
| vim-stamp: Latest change: Wed Nov 07 15:34:18 CET 2007
| .... whichever comes last *ggg*
|
| Title:   vim7-emacs21-cheatsheet of freezing hell
|          ... tries to combine the two editors of choice
|
| Author:  Karl Voit
| Purpose: learn emacs21 _and_ vim (for myself)
| License: Creative Commons http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/
| Status:  constantly modified and enlarged
`----

================================================================================
Editor shortcuts: Emacs and vim       vim                   emacs21
================================================================================

exit                                  :q                    C-x C-c
save                                  :w    :w!             C-x C-s
save as                               :w 

save and exit                         :wq         (or: ZZ)
exit without saving                   :q!         (or: ZQ)

open file                             :e(dit) file          C-x C-f
open file read only                                         C-x C-r
re-read file (discard changes)        :e(dit)!

edit file under cursor                gf       (goto file)

undo last changes                     u          (or: C-_)  C-_
undo one change                       :u(ndo)
undo latest changes on current line   U
redo                                  C-r

repeat last change                    .

append text after cursor              a
append text after EOL                 A

insert text after cursor              i
insert text before first non-whitesp. I

insert line below cursor and insert   o
insert line above cursor and insert   O

mark char begin                       v  (column: C-v|C-q)  C-Space
mark line begin                       V

restore last selection                gv

copy marked part                      y                     M-w
paste marked part                     p                     C-y           "yank"
cut marked part                       c                     C-w
delete marked part                    d

delete char                           x                     DEL
delete line                           dd     (or: :d)
copy current line                     yy           (or: Y)
delete to end of word                 cw     (change word)  M-d
delete current word                   caw
delete to EOL                         D                     C-k

toggle overwrite/insert mode          INS          (or: R)  M-x overwrite-mode
replace current char with       r

repeat next  X times             X                C-u X 

complete word                                               M-/
complete word backward                C-P                   M-/
complete word forward                 C-N                   M-/

cancel                                C-c                   C-g

redraw                                C-l

file info                             C-g
file info (verbose)                   g C-g

set auto indent                       :set ai               M-x auto-fill-mode
                                    :set textwidth=0

execute shell code               :r(ead) ! 

show whitespaces                      :set list

insert                          :r(ead)         M-x insert-file

--------------------------------------------------------------------------- Help

show help of cmd XY                   :help XY
show man-page of current word         K
grep help                             :helpg foobar

------------------------------------------------------------------------ Buffers

close buffer                          C-w c    :clo(se)     C-c k
close all buffers but current         C-w o    :on(ly)

open file for writing                                       C-x C-f
open file for reading                                       C-x C-r

change to previous buffer             C-^      C-6          C-x b
change to buffer  number <12>     <12> C-^   <12> C-6   C-x b 
                                    :b <12>
split vertically                      C-w s    :sp(lit)
split horizontally                    C-w v    :vs(split)

duplicate buffer                      :new

change to (upper) high buffer         C-w h
change to lower buffer                C-w l

list buffers                          :ls

--------------------------------------------------------------------- Navigation

goto line <12>                        <12>G                 M-x goto-line <12>

                      up                k                    C-p
Cursor movements   left    right      h     l               C-f   C-f
                     down             j                      C-n

buffer begin                          1G       gg           M-<>

line begin ... end                    0 ... $               C-a ... C-e
line begin (first non-whitespace)       ^

word next                             w                     M-f
word last                             b                     M-b

sentence previous                     (                     M-a
sentence next                         )                     M-e

paragraph begin                       {                     M-{
paragraph end                         }                     M-}

goto last place                       C-o
goto next place (if any)              C-i

goto begin of last marked part        '<>

page up                               C-b                   M-v
page down                             C-f                   C-v

1/2 page up                           C-u
1/2 page down                         C-d

scroll one line down (keep cursor)    C-e
scroll one line up (keep cursor)      C-y

remember position (as p)              m p                   C-x r m
jump to position (p)                  ` p                   C-x r b
jump to last marked position          ``
jump to last place edited             `.
list all marked positions             :marks

place current line in the center      z.                    C-l        "locate"

------------------------------------------------------------ Search and replace

current line: goto character X        fC
current line: goto character X backw. FC
current line: go before character X   tC
current line: go before char. X backw.TC

activate incremental search           :set incsearch
search incremental                    (if activated) /      C-s
search incremental backwards          (if activated) ?      C-r
repeat search                         n                     C-s or C-r
repeat search in other direction      N

replace                               s/foo/bar(/gci)       M-%

search word under cursor              *
search word under cursor backward     #
search local variable under cursor    gd
search buffer variable under cursor   gD

search correspondent brace/bracker/.. %

unhighlight the search patterns       :noh

search for regular expressions        /REG                  C-M-s
repeat search for reg. expr.          n                     C-M-s
search in other directory for reg.ex. N                     C-M-r

--------------------------------------------------------------------- Formatting

lowercase current word                :map l viwuW     M-l
capitalize current word               :map c viwu~W    M-c
uppercase current word                :map u viwUW     M-u
toggle case of current word           :map t viw~W
toggle case of char under cursor      ~

quote text                                                  C-c C-q
format line
format paragraph                      gqap                  M-q
format whole document                 gggqG

shift marked lines to left            <<>>
set shiftwidth                        :set shiftwidth=4


------------------------------------------------------------------------- Macros

begin recording (name: foo)           qfoo                  C-x (
end recording                         q                     C-x )

execute macro foo                     @foo                  C-x e
repeat macro execution                @@

edit macro                            "ap
end edit macro

save macro

------------------------------------------------------------------------ Columns

mark column begin                     C-v   (Windows: C-q)  C-space

set width mark to longest line        $

copy column(s)                        "*y
paste column(s)                       p                     C-x r y       "yank"
cut column(s)                         d                     C-x r k       "kill"

insert column text (foo)              (visual:) Ifoo ESC    C-x r t foo

-------------------------------------------------------------- Folding / Outline

hide all                              zC                    C-c C-t
show all                              zO                    C-c C-a
toggle hide/show all                  zi

hide this                             zc                    C-c C-d
show this                             zo                    C-c C-s

goto previous                         zk                    C-c C-p
goto next                             zj                    C-c C-n

------------------------------------------------------------- Special Characters

enter carriage return                 C-q ENTER             C-q ENTER
enter newline                         C-q C-j               C-q C-j
enter spoiler character ^L            C-q C-l               C-q C-l

------------------------------------------------------ Compare/merge differences

start file A and B in compare mode    vimdiff A B           emerge A B

emacs: goto fast-mode (C-c C-c doesn't have to be used)     C-c C-c f
emacs: goto edit-mode                                       e

next difference                       ]c                    (C-c C-c) n
previous difference                   [c                    (C-c C-c) p
goto difference X                                           C-u X j

change to left file (higher)          C-w h
change to right file (lower)          C-w l

take this version                     :[range]diffpu(t)  dp
take other version                    :[range]diffg(et)  do

take A-version                                              (C-c C-c) a
take B-version                                              (C-c C-c) b

quit without saving the merge                               C-]
recenter buffers                                            l

emacs: http://www.cs.cmu.edu/cgi-bin/info2www?(emacs)Merge%20Commands

---------------------------------------------------------------- Version Systems

vim: install vcsnursery from http://www.vim.org/scripts/script.php?script_id=1898

commit changes                        :VCSCommit            C-x v v
show differences between versions     :VCSVimDiff           C-x v =
show log of current file              :VCSLog               C-x v l
revert changes to most recent version :VCSRevert            C-x v u
update current file from repos        :VCSUpdate

add file to repos                     :VCSAdd               C-x v i
show annotations                      :VCSAnnotate
delete file (incl. from repos)        :VCSDelete
show difference to previous version   :VCSDiff
view a certain version                :VCSReview 42         C-x v r
show detailed infos                   :VCSStatus


================================================================================
vim specific shortcuts:
================================================================================


================================================================================
Own vim macros
================================================================================

" move line before boxquote into title field of boxquote
map ,vkbqt kDj6lp0

" remove/delete trailing whitespace:
nmap ;tr :%s/\s\+$//
vmap ;tr  :s/\s\+$//

"kill quoted sig
map ,kqs G?^> -- $d}

" change subject (Subjectaenderung) (Source: Michael Prokop)
map ,vkcs :set nohlsearch
  \:1,/^Subject: /g//s/^\(Subject: \)\(Re: \)\=\(.*\)$/
  \\1 (was: \3)/9i

" simple quote (insert quote after this line)
map ,vksq 0jikki

" quote between line (insert quote in between the line)
map ,vkqbl i0kxkkxjxi

" update timestamp (make sure that "set paste" is NOT set
iab Tue Jul 31 13:03:52 CEST 2007 =strftime("%a %b %d %T %Z %Y")
"  map ,L  1G/Latest change:\s*/e+1CYDATE
map ,L  1G/Latest change:\s*/e CYDATE

" voit 20070306:
" ESC-c ... capitalize current word (and goto next word)
map c viwu~W
" ESC-l ... lowercase current word (and goto next word)
map l viwuW
" ESC-u ... uppercase current word (and goto next word)
map u viwUW



FIXXME: Bereichsangaben

" Using (g)vim to colorize sourcecode (from: http://barnson.org/node/295#comment-26758)
" used here: Visual Basic syntax
:cal SetSyn("vb")
:syntax on
:set background=light
:runtime! syntax/2html.vim
ggVG (to select all in this top frame)
"+y (to copy to clipboard)


...................................................................
...................................................................
...................................................................
...................................................................
...................................................................
              N O T E S   F O L L O W I N G
...................................................................
...................................................................
...................................................................
...................................................................
...................................................................

Svens Vortrag:
------------------------------------------------------------------------- Suchen


------------------------------------------------------ Eingabe von Sonderzeichen

Eingabe über ASCII-Nummer:
ß 223  ä 228  ö 246  ü 252

Zwei-Zeichen-Kombination:
Digraph Input!  a + : -> ä

automatische Einrücken (indenting)
Clipboards/Register
Markieren von Text
von Position bis Position
zeilenweise (block)
als Rechteck -> Tabelle

Zeile?  DOS/Windows, Unix, oder Mac?
Automatische Erkennung
Beliebige Wahl

%page
Anzeige - Grundlegend

Aktuelle Position des Cursors (Lineal,ruler)

%pause
ASCII-Wert von Zeichen

%pause
Sichtbarmachung von speziellen Zeichen
(TABs, trailing spaces)
:set list -> schon oben drinnen

%pause
geteilte Fenster (horizontal,vertikal)
-> TextKopieren, Vergleiche

%page
Anzeige - Fortgeschritten

Syntax Coloring / Highlighting
%pause
Achtung: ersetzt keinen Parser!

%pause
Struktur der Datei anzeigen - Baumstruktur
Text verstecken
Syntax dependant
Kommandos zum Einklappen und Verstecken

%page
Abkürzungen - Abbreviations

%pause
einfache Wortexpansion:
LS -> Leutheuser-Schnarrenberger

%pause
mehrere Worte:
LT -> Linux-Tag Chemnitz

%pause
mehr als nur Buchstaben:
function_mit_viel_bedeutung(*par1,par2)
* = neue Cursorposition

%pause
mehrzeilige Floskeln:

Sehr geehrter Herr Spammer..
..Aufnahme ins Killfile..
Gründe:  [Liste]
Mit  freundlichen Grüßen

%page
Goodies

Autosave
Backup files
Compiler
Filtering
Sessionfile
Syntax Input

%page
Grenzen - Limits

Endlicher Speicher -> Grenzen

Dateigröße
Dateinamenlänge
Displaybreite

Zeilenlänge
Zeilenanzahl

Bufferanzahl
Registergröße

,----
| 2do
`----

tabs (vim7)

retab + ersetzen:
:set tabstop=4
:set expandtab
:%retab

^M herauslöschen

align-current


query option value        :set OPTION?

folding + examples (emacs-2do-list and vim-2do-list)

mika@grml ~ % grep boxes .vimrc
" 040420 introduced history 8-) and slightly modified 'boxes'-stuff
" 030219 VBlockquote.vim - like the tool "boxes" works ;-)
" 030219 Call boxes - with some funny box-styles ;o)
map ;0 :'<,'>!boxes
map ;1 :'<,'>!boxes -d boxquote
map ;2 :'<,'>!boxes -d peek -a c -s 40x5
map ;3 :'<,'>!boxes -d c-cmt
map ;4 :'<,'>!boxes -d dog -a c
map ;5 :'<,'>!boxes -d simple -a
jr
map ;6 :'<,'>!boxes -d headline
--> Test! (FIXXME)
--> boxes = extra-tool!

"boxing" text              C-c q
title of box               C-c w

Snippets einfügen wie zB :
:he :iabbrev
:he mapmode-i
(Vim7: C-x C-o)

Ranges: . .+3 % ,. .,$


.........................................................

,----
| notes from a former talk:
`----
:set tw=50 ... set texxt width
map  gqip ... macro setzen
:set ft=html
:set paste ... Einfuegen ohne Umformatierung
:set nopaste ...
:set sw ... Option vervollstaendigen lassen
:set sw= ... Option plus Wert vervollstaendigen lassen
:set listchars=tab:»·,trail:·,,eol:$ ... wie sollen list-Elemente usw visualisiert werden?
:w datei:.neu ... Kopie mit Anhaengsel ".neu" erstellen, Buffer bleibt bei "datei"
:!ls -l % ... shell-Kommando ls aufrufen (%=aktueller Buffername)
:! ... letzter Befehl, der mit "!" begonnen hat
C-w n ... C-w=Fensterbefehl, n=new
C-w C-r ... unterster Buffer oben einfuegen (rotate)
:help C-v C-w ... show help on windows-commands (C-v nur um C-w einzugeben)

vimdiff
:diffget ... Aenderungen in den Buffer uebernehmen

%%% vim: ft=mgp ai noet ts=2

------------------------------------------
Emacs und ispell:

;; User-Dictionary ohne Nachfrage speichern
(setq ispell-silently-savep t)
(autoload 'flyspell-mode "flyspell" "On-the-fly spelling checking" t)
(autoload 'flyspell-mode "flyspell" "On-the-fly ispell." t)
(setq ispell-program-name "aspell")

;; Initialize spell checking
(setq-default ispell-program-name "aspell")
(set-default 'ispell-change-directory "ndeutsch8-15")
(set-default 'ispell-local-dictionary "ndeutsch8-15")
;; ========================
;; ISPELL
;; ========================
(require 'ispell)
(add-to-list 'ispell-dictionary-alist
    '("ndeutsch8-15"
      "[a-zA-Z\304\326\334\344\366\337\374]"
      "[^a-zA-Z\304\326\334\344\366\337\374]"
      "[']" t
     ("-C" "-d" "german")
      "~latin1" iso-8859-15))

;; ========================
;; ISPELL End
;; ========================

;; ========================
;; FLYSPELL
;; ========================
(add-hook 'flyspell-mode-hook
 (function (lambda ()
           (setq ispell-local-dictionary "ndeutsch8-15")
      )))


M-X change-ispell-dictionary

-----------------------------------------------------------
emacs und LaTeX

Added in file c:\.emacs

(require 'tex-site)
(setq tex-dvi-view-command "C:\texmf\miktex\bin\yap.exe")
(custom-set-variables
;; custom-set-variables was added by Custom -- don't edit or cut/paste it!
;; Your init file should contain only one such instance.
'(TeX-output-view-style (quote (("^dvi$" "^pstricks$\\|^pst-\\|^psfrag$" "%(o?)dvips %d -o && gv %f") ("^dvi$" "^a4\\(?:dutch\\|paper\\|wide\\)?\\|sem-a4$" "%(o?)xdvi %dS -paper a4 %d") ("^dvi$" ("^a5\\(?:comb\\|paper\\)?$" "^landscape$") "%(o?)xdvi %dS -paper a5r -s 0 %d") ("^dvi$" "^a5\\(?:comb\\|paper\\)?$" "%(o?)xdvi %dS -paper a5 %d") ("^dvi$" "^b5paper$" "%(o?)xdvi %dS -paper b5 %d") ("^dvi$" ("^landscape$" "^pstricks$\\|^psfrag$") "%(o?)dvips -t landscape %d -o && gv %f") ("^dvi$" "^letterpaper$" "%(o?)xdvi %dS -paper us %d") ("^dvi$" "^legalpaper$" "%(o?)xdvi %dS -paper legal %d") ("^dvi$" "^executivepaper$" "%(o?)xdvi %dS -paper 7.25x10.5in %d") ("^dvi$" "^landscape$" "%(o?)xdvi %dS -paper a4r -s 0 %d") ("^dvi$" "." "%(o?)xdvi %dS %d") ("^pdf$" "." "\"c:\\Programme\\Adobe\\Acrobat 6.0\\Reader\\AcroRd32.exe\" %o") ("^html?$" "." "netscape %o")))))
(custom-set-faces
;; custom-set-faces was added by Custom -- don't edit or cut/paste it!
;; Your init file should contain only one such instance.
)


Change target to PDFLaTeX: C-c C-t C-p
Compiled using C-c C-c



=== [ ENDE ] === ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%% Local Variables:
%%% mode: outline
%%% outline-regexp: "\\(\\[\\([1-2][0-9][0-9][0-9][0-1][0-9][0-3][0-9]\\)?\\]\\[\\([1-2][0-9][0-9][0-9][0-1][0-9][0-3][0-9]\\)?\\]\\(\\[.+\\]\\)? .*\\)\\|\\(^=== \\[ .* \\] ===.*\\)"
%%% eval: (auto-fill-mode -1)
%%% eval: (flyspell-mode -1)
%%% eval: (end-of-buffer)
%%% eval: (hide-body)
%%% emerge-set-combine-versions-template: "%a\n%b\n"
%%% End:
%%% OLD-outline-regexp: "\\(\\[\\([1-2][0-9][0-9][0-9][0-1][0-9][0-3][0-9]\\)?\\]\\[\\([1-2][0-9][0-9][0-9][0-1][0-9][0-3][0-9]\\)?\\]\\(\\[\\(maggie\\|lisa\\)\\]\\)? .*\\)"
%%% OLD-outline-regexp nur "[][] Text": "\\(\\[\\([1-2][0-9][0-9][0-9][0-1][0-9][0-3][0-9]\\)?\\]\\[\\([1-2][0-9][0-9][0-9][0-1][0-9][0-3][0-9]\\)?\\] .*\\)"
%%% OLD-outline-regexp inkl. Sterne als Items: "\\(\\[\\([1-2][0-9][0-9][0-9][0-1][0-9][0-3][0-9]\\)?\\]\\[\\([1-2][0-9][0-9][0-9][0-1][0-9][0-3][0-9]\\)?\\] .*\\)\\|\\(*+ \\)"

Linux: command: how to use getopt

2008-02-26T20:42:00.000-08:00

A simple example is here:
http://tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/extmisc.html#EX33A

From http://www.tomshardware.com/ucg/commands/getopt-15186.html

getopt

UNIX Shell: Shells (ash, bash, bsh, csh, ksh, sh, tcsh, zsh)

Function
Cleans up and checks options given to a shell script. It split option given together and place each option in its own variable. Any additional arguments is placed after --

Syntax
set -- `getopt optstring $*`
getopt optstring parameter
Linux: [ options... ] -- optstring parameter
Linux: getopt [ options... ] -o optstring [ options... ] [ -- ] parame

optstring Specifies a string of option letters that is recognized by the script.

NOTE: If a letter is followed by a colon (:) it will take an argument.

parameter Specifies the options to check. (This is often $*, the argument list to the script).

set -- Sets the argument list $* .

Linux:

-a Allows long options to start with a single -.

-h Shows help information.

-l longoptions Specifies a long option that will be recognized.

-n progname Specifies a program to use to report errors

-o optstring Specifies a list of short options.

-q Disables error reporting

-Q Doesn't generate any output. Errors are reported unless -q is also given.

-s shell Uses quoting conversions of the specified shell (sh, bash, csh or tcsh)

-u Doesn't quote the output.

-T Will test if this is the enhanced version.

-V Shows version information.

File Name: getopt Directory: /usr/bin/ Type: External

Note:
This is very useful to make easy option check in a shell script.

set -- `getopt ab:c $*`
Specifies that a and c don't take an argument but c will.

If argument is: -ac -b hello
It will be converted to: -a -c -b hello --

If argument is: -bhello ucg
It will be converted to: -b hello -- ucg

set -- `getopt -l help ab:c $*`
Also recognizes the long option --help

Linux:command: sort

2008-02-25T15:42:00.001-08:00

'sort' in linux is sometimes very usefult. For example, I have a file like this:
pt 2.9
eta 3.0
phi 4.5
px 2.1
If you want to rank those variables due to the increasing order of the 2nd column, then you can use 'sort -n -k2 yourfile.txt'. '-k2' means the position of the key is the 2nd.

Firefox: how to check plugins

2008-02-17T21:43:00.000-08:00

Type about:plugins in the address line.

Linux: X server crashes

2008-02-13T20:53:00.000-08:00

Long time ago, I have a problem that my X server crashed when I change my current profile from one network profile in net applet. I had no clue at all then. I remember that I changed .gnome and some directories, then the problem is gone. But I have to use kde then. Today I logon gnome and X server crashed again. I cannot fix it by upgrading using installation disk. And I create a new account, it is working well. And I searched the internet and realized that some people also have the same problem with me. Actually the problem is from 3D effect. I have to edit the file: /etc/X11/xorg.conf to comment two lines which is bad for x server. They are:

Option "Composite"
Option "XaaNoOffscreenPixmaps" "1"

After removal, I can restart X server. :-)

c++: animated process bar in c++

2008-01-27T18:48:00.000-08:00

A process bar is useful to present the current processing status, here is my example:
void ProcessBar(int thisevt, int totalevt) {
if ( thisevt%1000 != 0 ) return ;
int totalc = 30;
int ic = (int)1.*totalc*thisevt/totalevt;
cout << "Status: [";
for (int a=0; a
cout << "=";
for (int b=0; b
cout << " ";
cout << "]";

printf("%6.2f%%", 100.*thisevt/totalevt);

//backspace
for(int a = 0; a <>
cout << "\b";
}

(of course, the code is specially for high energy physics analysis on event level, you could change it for timing etc...)

linux: how to merge/split pdf files

2007-11-30T17:15:00.000-08:00

In linux, there is no professional acrobat avaible, which means that sometimes if you edit your pdf files, for example, merge, split pdf files, you may not have clue to do that. Lots of ppl in the net would recommend "pdftk" (pdf toolket) for you. I try to install, but some lib is needed. I have no time to install other dependent lib so I recalled I have a java tool: Multivalent. Just google it and find its page.

Usage:
java -classpath ~/Multivalent20060102.jar tool.pdf.Merge file1.pdf file2.pdf ...

That is it. You also can split your pdf file to separated ones. Of course, you need to download Multivalent20060102.jar from somewhere of the net. Yes, you can use "convert" to merge, but bad resolution and very slow, not recommended.

linux:how to download a whole site by wget

2007-11-28T15:23:00.000-08:00

wget -r -p -np -k http://Your.Website.ToBeDownloaded.com

Linux: gaim: how to change lib of smiley

2007-11-20T14:34:00.000-08:00

Go to the place where your gaim searches for:
/usr/share/pixmaps/gaim/smileys/default/
in my lap.

Edit the file: theme.

emacs: how to delete a block of region

2007-09-30T13:49:00.000-07:00

Mark (Ctrl+Space) the beginning of first line and move cursor to the the last line, and move it to the right n chars. Then do “Alt+x kill-rectangle” (Ctrl+x r k). This command can be used to delete any rectangular block of text, not just at the beginning of lines.

From: http://xahlee.org/emacs/emacs.html

Linux:command: vim

2007-09-25T12:15:00.001-07:00

加密和解密
　　
　　加密和解密文件
　　
　　在命令模式输入“:X”命令，接着输入密码、确认输入密码，最后输入“:wq”命令保存退出。文件就已经被加密了。
　　
　　经过上面方法加密后的文件变成密文文件。要阅读原来的明文，则在打开文件后，会提示用户输入密码。如果密码输入正确，就能看到原来的明文。另外可以看到，在最后的状态行上有此文件已被加密的提示。

需要什么来搜一搜吧so.bitsCN.com

　　
　　取消加密
　　
　　取消加密的方法很简单。在命令模式输入“:X”命令，首先会提示输入密码，这时直接敲回车键。接下来在提示重复输入密码时也直接敲回车键，最后输入“:wq”命令保存退出。这样文件的加密就被取消了。
　　
　　注意，以上加密方法是运行在Red Hat Linux 9.0上的vim中。在其它平台可能略有差异，请以实际平台或版本的帮助为准。
From http://www.bitscn.com/linux/command/200604/6563.html

Linux:command: some useful text commands

2007-09-25T12:05:00.000-07:00

uniq
　　（=unique-----唯一的）去掉已排序的文件中的重复行。例如：sort myfile | uniq

fold –w 30 –s my_file.txt > new_file.txt
　　用空格将文本文件 my_file.txt 中的每行截成30个字符，并输出到 new_file.txt.

fmt –w 75 my_file.txt > new_file.txt
　　格式化文件中的每行为75个字符。把超过75个字符的行截短，把少于75个字符的行补齐，但不会移去空行。

nl myfile > myfile_lines_numbered
　　给文件 myfile 的每行标上行号。把结果输出给文件 myfiles_lines_numbered。

indent –kr –i8 –ts8 –sob –l80 –ss –bs –psl “$@” *.c
　　通过插入或删除空格来改变“C”源码的外观。上面例子里格式的选项是和 Linux 内核的源码的风格是一至的（script /usr/src/linux/scripts/Lindent）。看 man indent 来了解各个选项的意义。存在的文件先被备份然后就被格式化好的文件给替代了。

rev filename > filename1
　　打印文件 filename，每行字符以相反顺序显示。上面的例子里结果直接输入到文件 filename1。

shred filename
　　用垃圾字符重复并覆盖文件 filename 的内容，使任何人都无法再去阅读文件的内容。

paste file1 file2 > file3
　　按行把两个或多个文件合并，用作默认分界符（用选项”d=”来选择自己的分界符）。

如果文件 file1 的内容是：
1
2
3

并且文件 file2 的是：
a
b
c
d

那么结果 file3 里的内容就该是：

1 a
2 b
3 c
d

join file1 file2 > file3

　　把两个文本文件里有相同域的行连成一行。Join 和数据库的“表连接”操作是类似的，但它只是对两个文本文件进行操作。默认的分界符是空格。如果你想用其它的操作符，你可用 man join 去查看里面的选项。

如果 file1 里的内容是：

1 Barbara
2 Peter
3 Stan
4 Marie

并且 file2 的是：
2 Dog
4 Car
7 Cat

那么结果 file3 就该是：
2 Peter Dog
4 Marie Car

des –e plain_file encrypted_file
　　（=”Data Encryption Standard” 数据加密标准）加密文件 plain_file。你会被要求输入一个键值用于加密算法使用。加密后的结果存放到文件“encrypted_file”。解密就用：
des –d encrypted_file decrypted_file.

gpg
　　“Gnu Privacy Guard-----GNU 的私人警卫”—一个和 PGP（“Pretty Good Privacy”）功能一样的免费软件。gpg 比 PGP 更安全并且没有使用有专利的算法。gpg 主要用于给你的 email 加签名并且检查其它信息的签名。你也可用它来给你的信息加密解密。http://www.gnupg.org/上有所有的详细信息，包括一个易读和详细的手册。

　　开始，我需要一对匙值：个人匙和公共匙。个人匙用于给我的信息签字。公共匙用于传给他人来确认我的信息的签名在他们收到我的信息后来确认我的信息的签字。（某人还可用公共匙来给信息加密这样这个信息就只能通过我的个人匙加密并阅读）。我用下面的命令来生成这一对匙值：

from http://www.networkdictionary.cn/software/Linux75.php

Linux:command: use chown to change owner of a file or directory

2007-09-18T23:07:00.000-07:00

The command chown is used to change the owner of a file/directory. For example:
chown -hR zhiyil:zhiyil /work
(change owner of /work to zhiyil and group is zhiyil either)

Linux: an accelerator to download

2007-08-26T09:00:00.000-07:00

There is a good small software in Linux to download by http/ftp. It is called as axel.

It is a XunLei-like tool. Enjoy!

Linux:commands: how to kill jobs in background

2007-08-25T14:30:00.000-07:00

If you have jobs running in background, you could kill them by the easier way than finding their PID and kill them. Just use the command jobs to find which job is running in background, and then pick up the job you want to kill, use kill %1 (here 1 is the job number)

D0: code management link

2007-08-18T21:55:00.000-07:00

This is a link to get started with D0 code management

Latex: a good link to description of commonly used Latex packages

2007-08-13T22:10:00.000-07:00

Some commonly used LaTeX packages are described at this link (in Chinese), including the package how to create shadow effect of fonts.

Network: a problem about 'Connection reset by peer'

2007-08-13T11:40:00.000-07:00

When I log in a remote computer by ssh from my home and if I keep it inactive for a while (for example, 10 mins), I often was kicked out with the message, for example:=====================
Read from remote host jasper-clued0.fnal.gov: Connection reset by peer
====================

This happened probably because a firewall or other packet filtering device (such as your router) drops idle connections after a certain period of time. ------------------------------------------ A solution based on the ssh server sidecan be found here (Dugan provided me with this solution):

http://www.brandonhutchinson.com/OpenSSH_ClientAliveInterval.html

Simply speaking, the solution is add a line

ClientAliveInterval 300

in the file:

/etc/ssh/sshd_config

and reload the sshd server configuration with

/sbin/service sshd reload -------------------------------------- Another solution based on client side provided by my colleage Horst at Fermilab is: to add

echo 300 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_keepalive_time

into the file /etc/rc.local

Latex: how to install package

2007-08-08T16:19:00.000-07:00

Use the command mktexlsr to update the index of Latex.

latex: how to post text and graph on absolute position on one page

2007-08-08T16:12:00.000-07:00

I copied the introduction from its home page http://nxg.me.uk/dist/textpos/ :

Textpos

Lay out text and graphics at arbitrary positions on the LaTeX page.

The textpos home page is at http://purl.org/nxg/dist/textpos

Version 1.7d, 2007 March 30.

This package facilitates placing boxes at absolute positions on the LaTeX page. There are several reasons why this might be useful, but the main one (or at least my motivating one) is to help produce a large-format conference poster. Other applications include placing material within, say, figures.

This package provides a single environment, which contains the text (or graphics, or table, or whatever) which is to be placed on the page, and which specifies where it is to be placed. The environment is accompanied by various configuration commands. See the manual (pdf).

Linux.shell.command: two usages of 'less'

2007-07-25T15:40:00.000-07:00

As you know, 'less' is a very useful tool to view text files. Today I realize the two more functions new for me:

You could use less to open more than one file in the buffer, just by ":p" or ":n" etc. to switch them
If you have more than 1 key words to search, just use the way /wordone|wordtwo|wordmore and then enter, thus those 3 key words will be highlighted in the text body.

Linux:shell:grep how to use grep's result

2007-07-20T14:29:00.000-07:00

mystr="IloveChina"
echo $mystr |grep China
echo $? #this will return 0
echo $mystr |grep USA
echo $? #this will return 1
#so you could use this returned value to justify if grep found the string.
# Or you use how many searched results returned to do this, for example,
echo $mystr |grep -c China # return 1 to you
echo $mystr |grep -c USA # return 0 to you
# so simply, you can use the number to justify if you found the results like
if [ `echo $mystr |grep -c China` -ge 1 ]; then
echo "Yes, you are"
fi

Latex: how to use conditional compilation

2007-06-23T02:36:00.001-07:00

If you want to use condition to control your texts, better to use \ifthenelse.
Usage in pre-docu:
\usepackage{ifthen}
\newboolean{yourBoolVar}
\setboolean{yourBoolVar}{boolval} % boolvar=true or false

Usage in main body:
\ifthenelse {\boolean{yourBoolVar}}
{if true, go this code} {if false, go this}

Linux:compress: restrictions about zipped tar files

2007-06-21T20:15:00.000-07:00

From the tar's user guide:
Notice also, that there are several restrictions on operations on compressed archives. First of all, compressed archives cannot be modified, i.e., you cannot update (--update (-u)) them or delete (--delete) members from them. Likewise, you cannot append another tar archive to a compressed archive using --append (-r)). Secondly, multi-volume archives cannot be compressed.

Linux:software: How to merge multiple pdf files into one

2007-06-21T19:40:00.000-07:00

Use the command in Linux to merge some PDF files into one:


gs -dNOPAUSE -sDEVICE=pdfwrite -sOUTPUTFILE=firstANDsecond.pdf -dBATCH first.pdf second.pdf

Use it, you have two packages installed in your system

Link: Ghostscript download
Link: PDFtk download

For more information, see the reference link: http://www.newlinuxuser.com/merge-multiple-pdfs-into-one-file/

Linux: alias: shell: define your alias in Linux

2007-06-05T20:58:00.000-07:00

Except /etc/profile, ~/.bashrc and ~/.bash_profile, you can add alias into the file:

/etc/profile.d/alias.sh (or alias.csh for c shell)

This file is effective for all users like /etc/profile.

Software: root: tmva: how to install it...

2007-06-04T19:18:00.000-07:00

TMVA is a Toolkit for Multivariate Data Analysis with ROOT.
web page: http://tmva.sourceforge.net/
After compiling and before running your code/macros, please make sure your lib is loaded!

Software:programming: how to use auto-complete in xemacs

2007-06-02T08:36:00.000-07:00

If you are programming, it will be very convenient to ask your editor to auto-complete words for you! Time-saving! In xemacs (I didn't try it in emacs), you could use shortcut: alt+/

Research:D0:cafe:top_cafe: topology variables in top_cafe package

2007-05-30T17:12:00.000-07:00

We have lots of topological variables used: I have to remember them all :-(

00055   double TopTopologicalVariables::Centrality() const 
00056   {
00057     return Ht()/H(); 
00058   } // Centrality()
00059
00061     double TopTopologicalVariables::Aplanarity() const 
00062     {
00063       ensurePV();
00064       return 1.5 * (*_pv)[2]; // alternative syntax: ... * _pv->operator[](2)
00065     } // Aplanarity()
00066  
00068   double TopTopologicalVariables::Sphericity() const
00069   {
00070     ensurePV();
00071     return 1.5 * ( (*_pv)[2] + (*_pv)[1] );
00072   } // Sphericity()

Research:WestGrid:Reprocessing: sam cannot find the name zhiyil

2007-05-28T11:18:00.000-07:00

When I submit jobs (d0 data p20 reprocessing) to westgrid, once my keberos expired, I have to type my password again to re-create keberos certificate. However, even I type correct password, I was still given the following error: zhiyil cannot be found.

The solution should be:
kdestroy
and
remove the file /tmp/PROXY_zhiyil

But sometimes they are not working. Confused....
==============
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/export/D0_products/ups/prd/jim_client/NULL/v3_0_1/bin/samg", line 179, in ?
sys.exit(main(sys.argv))
File "/export/D0_products/ups/prd/jim_client/NULL/v3_0_1/bin/samg", line 175, in main
command_function(arguments)
File "samg_submit.py", line 262, in samg_submit
File "samg_submit.py", line 133, in translate
File "samg_submit.py", line 157, in translateDoc
File "/export/D0_products/ups/prd/jim_client/NULL/v3_0_1/lib/jim_client/mergejob.py", line 862, in checkSemantic
samgjob.Doc.checkSemantic(self)
File "/home/parag/wspace/samgrid/V7/JIMSUITE/jim_client/lib/jim_client/samgjob.py", line 828, in checkSemantic
File "/export/D0_products/ups/prd/jim_client/NULL/v3_0_1/lib/jim_client/mergejob.py", line 887, in createAttribute
attr = Attribute.factory(token, self.context)
File "/export/D0_products/ups/prd/jim_client/NULL/v3_0_1/lib/jim_client/mergejob.py", line 515, in factory
newDefname,snapId=context.createDatasetfromDimension(tokenValue)
File "/export/D0_products/ups/prd/jim_client/NULL/v3_0_1/lib/jim_client/mergejob.py", line 326, in createDatasetfromDimension
sam_user = jim_client_util.getUserName()
File "/home/parag/wspace/samgrid/V7/JIMSUITE/jim_client/lib/jim_client/jim_client_util.py", line 177, in getUserName
File "sam_common_pylibSamCommand/BlessedCommandInterfacePlaceHolder.py", line 81, in __call__
File "sam_common_pylibSamCommand/CommandInterface.py", line 251, in __call__
File "sam_common_pylibSamCommand/SamCommandInterface.py", line 243, in apiWrapper
File "sam_user_pyapi/src/samUtility.py", line 317, in implementation
File "sam_common_pylibSamCorba/SamServerProxy.py", line 257, in _callRemoteMethod
File "sam_common_pylibSamCorba/SamServerProxyRetryHandler.py", line 266, in handleCall
SamException.SamExceptions.PersonNotFound: GridSubject with name '/DC=gov/DC=fnal/O=Fermilab/OU=People/CN=Zhiyi Liu/USERID=zhiyil' not found.

Research:D0:caf_util: about processor EMJetMatching

2007-05-26T20:14:00.000-07:00

The processor EMJetMatching doesn't throw any events away, basically, it just tries to loop all EM objects which may be in the cone with a jet. Here if EM and Jet are in the jet cone, then label this JET as EM, say, change flag isEM() true, if not, label isEM() as false. Why? Since we isEM() is set as reconstructing, so it may not be right.

The processor EMJetMatching is based on the class SelectUserObjects. The latter has documentation as below.

/**
* Select objects based on a user defined cut.
*
* The cut is supplied by the user by overriding the
* virtual selectObject(const T& obj) method.
*
* To use this class, inherit from it, passing the desired
* object type to the base class:
*
* class MySelector : public SelectUserObjects {
*
* Then override the selectObject(const TMBJet& obj) method.
* The user can also override two more methods (which do nothing
* by default):
*
* void before(Collection& from);
* void after(Collection& accepted, Collection& rejected);
*
* Configuration options:
*
* - .From: OldBranchname [required]
* - .To: NewBranchName [required]
* - .RejectedBranch: NewBranchName for the rejected objects [default none]
* - .Tree: OutputTreeName[default: name()]
* - .Variables: Member variable list [default: all]
*
* - .LoadAll: Load whole object before it is copied [default: 1]
* You should probably never change this if you don't know exactly
* what you are doing.
*
* \ingroup cafe
*/

D0:software:network: my laptop is blocked

2007-05-21T08:44:00.000-07:00

Fnal has a network policy, and my laptop is blocked since I open X window without certificates. The method to solve it is to import certificate to my browser. Follow the instruction on the given link. but I don't have kx509 installed. I cannot find any on network (since links are dead), so I find there is kx509 installed and copy it and its corresponding libs to my local laptop. and run the script get-cert.sh with -i, works.

D0:MET: how to get access to right MET

2007-05-20T15:28:00.000-07:00

In D0 framework, MET issue is very tricky. I am sick of how to get access to it and always spent lots of time on it. Here, I would try my best to clarify it:

- MET has several components: CH, JES, MU, Bad Jets. Based on your study, you could choose different configuration, usually, we use:

CH+JES+EM+MU

-However, for JES, we have corrJet, corrmuJet, smear_corrJet, smear_corrmuJET etc, here Jet is JCCA or JCCB. For MU, we have MU or CALOMU.

- But a point making things more complicated is: in JES, sometime we apply muon correction which may be counted later in MET, in order to avoid double contributions from muon correction, we should keep in mind it!!

英文标点符号翻译大全

2007-05-18T22:22:00.000-07:00

+ plus 加号；正号
　　- minus 减号；负号
　　± plus or minus 正负号
　　× is multiplied by 乘号
　　÷ is divided by 除号
　　＝ is equal to 等于号
　　≠ is not equal to 不等于号
　　≡ is equivalent to 全等于号
　　≌ is equal to or approximately equal to 等于或约等于号
　　≈ is approximately equal to 约等于号

　　＜ is less than 小于号
　　＞ is more than 大于号
　　≮ is not less than 不小于号
　　≯ is not more than 不大于号
　　≤ is less than or equal to 小于或等于号
　　≥ is more than or equal to 大于或等于号
　　% per cent 百分之...
　　‰ per mill 千分之...
　　∞ infinity 无限大号
　　∝ varies as 与...成比例

　　√ (square) root 平方根
　　∵ since; because 因为
　　∴ hence 所以
　　∷ equals, as (proportion) 等于，成比例
　　∠ angle 角
　　⌒ semicircle 半圆
　　⊙ circle 圆
　　○ circumference 圆周
　　π pi 圆周率
　　△ triangle 三角形

　　⊥ perpendicular to 垂直于
　　∪ union of 并，合集
　　∩ intersection of 交，通集
　　∫ the integral of ...的积分
　　∑ (sigma) summation of 总和
　　° degree 度
　　′ minute 分
　　″ second 秒
　　℃ Celsius system 摄氏度

　　{ open brace, open curly 左花括号
　　} close brace, close curly 右花括号
　　( open parenthesis, open paren 左圆括号
　　) close parenthesis, close paren 右圆括号
　　() brakets/ parentheses 括号
　　[ open bracket 左方括号
　　] close bracket 右方括号
　　[] square brackets 方括号
　　. period, dot 句号，点
　　| vertical bar, vertical virgule 竖线

　　& ampersand, and, reference, ref 和，引用
　　* asterisk, multiply, star, pointer 星号，乘号，星，指针
　　/ slash, divide, oblique 斜线，斜杠，除号
　　// slash-slash, comment 双斜线，注释符
　　# pound 井号
　　\ backslash, sometimes
　　escape 反斜线转义符，有时表示转义符或续行符
　　~ tilde 波浪符

　　. full stop 句号
　　, comma 逗号
　　: colon 冒号
　　; semicolon 分号
　　? question mark 问号
　　! exclamation mark (英式英语) exclamation point (美式英语)
　　' apostrophe 撇号
　　- hyphen 连字号
　　-- dash 破折号
　　... dots/ ellipsis 省略号

　　" single quotation marks 单引号
　　"" double quotation marks 双引号
　　‖ parallel 双线号
　　& ampersand = and
　　～ swung dash 代字号
　　§ section; division 分节号
　　→ arrow 箭号；参见号

Linux: installation: how to solve the problem: autochk program not found-------skipping autochk

2007-05-12T21:39:00.000-07:00

Today I help my girlfriend to install the 2nd operating system since she is always bothered by virus under Windows xp. So I decide to help her to install Mandriva 2007 which is the easy-going distribution in the Linux world for a beginner. I ever installed double systems many times and have some ideas how to avoid tricky things like problems caused by partitions.

Now I will briefly describe the entire steps for other people's reference. First, in windows, I learned partitions by PartitionMagic and try to release a space for Linux installation. This is pretty simple, but I would strongly recommend to backup the table before you may do unrecovered and dangerous things. Okay, thus a space has been built for Linux with the format ex3. And then restart. Insert Mandriva DVD installtion disk to start install as usual. Make sure to pay more attention on partition part! You could use existing partition which just was released from Windows by PartitionMargic or you use 'custom mode' (note: even use this mode, you have to build a free space before doing that since Linux can destroy your data). Okay, thus we have a new system! But a tricky problem is comming as transfering to Windows! The problem is: when I try to start Windows XP, after flashing Windows startup bar, I was given a blue screen with words: program autochk.exe not found ===== skipping authochk and then restart to new loop. Calm down and try to search internet for useful stuff. This can be solved. At last, I think I find the answer. The source is from the partition of Windows has been hidden. What you do is just to unhidden it! The method here is a bit different from the useful message below (I got the basic idea from it).

1. In the terminal of Linux, type as a rooter:
fdisk -l /dev/hda
(thus you are given a partition table, you should see the windows partition as hidden, please copy the table for backup in case of making mistakes), then run:
fdisk /dev/hda
type t to enter a mode to change ID from 17 to 7. Then done! I don't have too much time to write it down. Please refer to Chinese version from other body.
=============================================
WinXP下安装Linux9.0实战
摘自精彩奇讯开化党 2005-04-28 13:07
http://www.sun126.com/bbs/ccb/index.cgi
暑假正是我们这些计算机迷学习实战经验的最好时机，所以我选择了一只想要学习的RedHatLinux9.0作为这个暑假的学习重点。但是在安装Linux 的过程中，我先后遇到了很多棘手的问题，我翻阅了一些相关书籍，上网查找资料，经过了一整天的努力，终于实现了WinXP和Linux的双系统。而且最重要的是，对以前的WinXP系统没有什么影响。现在，我就将我安装过程中总结出来的经验分享给大家。

我的硬盘是 40G的，分为CDEF四个分区，WinXP就安装在C盘里面。我的D盘为8G，正好可以安装Linux。于是我将D盘的资料移动到F盘里面，并用分区工具PartitionMagic8.0把D盘改成主分区。由于Linux需要一个相当于内存的两倍大小的swap分区，而且越*近硬盘前面的主面就越好，因此我用分区工具在刚才删除掉的D盘的空闲空间的前面部分分出一个256M的LinuxSwap分区(因为我的内存为128M)。然后将剩余的空闲空间格式化成Linux可以用的ext3文件系统。这样，分区准备工作就完成了。

接着，我就开始用 RedHatLinux9.0的安装盘安装Linux，在分区的时候，选择手动分区，这是只要将以前分好的ext3挂在"/"目录就可以继续安装了。安装的时候要记住管理员的密码，特别注意的是管理员的账号是root，而不是我们平常Windows里面的Administrator或者Admin。至于多系统引导，我采用的是简单的GRUB。由于Linux9.0采用了简体中文图形安装界面，安装过程还是比较简单的。

安装完以后就能顺利进入Linux操作系统了。但是，这时候我发现位于硬盘第一个分区(hda1)的WinXP不能启动了，启动过程中会出现autochk program not found-------skipping autochk的字样，然后就自动重启，而且总是重复这样的现象，就连安全模式都进不去。

在查阅相关资料以后，发现应该是第一个分区被隐藏掉了(Hidden)。于是，我用root账户进入了Linux，修改/boot/grub目录里面的grub.conf文件，在 Title WindowsXP下面加上了一句Unhide (hd0,0)。可是重新启动以后还是出现不能启动的问题。在经过多次尝试后，我打算换一种方法。

于是我想到了 Linux安装盘中的救援模式(Linux Rescue Mode)，我把第一张安装盘放到光驱里面，从光盘启动，键入linux rescue后回车，进入了救援模式。用fdisk -l /dev/hda命令发现hda1的System为(Hidden)HPFS/NTFS，只要把这个改成HPFS/NTFS就可以了。用fdisk /dev/hda命令开启fdisk模式。用t命令选择hda1后输入7然后回车(7在这里就是代表的HPFS/NTFS，而以前的(Hidden) HPFS/NTFS的ID为17)。紧接着，输入w保存当前硬盘分区信息，再输入exit就可以退出救援模式了。同时，系统也重新启动(记得这时候将安装盘拿出来，或者在Bios设置里面把第一项Boot改为硬盘启动)。而且我已经能够进入WinXP了。

可是，我发现这时候的WinXP只有4种颜色，而且在桌面设置里面只有800*600一种分辨率，不过，这只是小问题，只要将显卡的驱动程序重新安装一遍就可以了。

至此，可以说是大功告成，在没有影响到以前的WinXP的情况下，我安装上了Linux操作系统。希望我的这些经验能够给将要安装学习Linux的朋友们一些帮助。也希望有越来越多的人加入到学习Linux的行列中来。

Linux:ssh: how to use ssh command remotely

2007-05-07T22:21:00.000-07:00

Usually, when you want to run a command on a remote computer, you have to log in first. If you have ssh, you can use remote-command way:

ssh your.remote.computer.com yourCommandHere

For example,
ssh smart.phys.sfu.ca date

Research:D0:Triggers: how to get report of certain triggers or trigger list

2007-05-04T00:32:00.000-07:00

Now D0 users don't need so-called authentication to get trigger report. The basic approach is

visit D0 work page: http://www-d0.fnal.gov/atwork/index.html
Click TriggerMeister
Click Trigger Database

Here click "report", then you are given the page to input username and password, Database: production, Role: guest, thus DB username and password can be none! Enjoy trigger database!

ROOT: how to change palette color

2007-04-27T00:39:00.000-07:00

root [2] gStyle->SetPalette(1)
root [3] eqcd->Draw("mucalmet:metsig", "Nisotrk!=0","colz")

Linux:shell: how to exchange case of letters

2007-04-24T23:53:00.000-07:00

If you wanna exchange between the upper case of one string and the lower case, you could use the command
echo "ThisIsAnExample" | tr 'a-z' 'A-Z'
and
echo "ThisIsAnExample" | tr 'A-Z' 'a-z'

Emacs: how to indent and automatically complete

2007-04-21T14:21:00.000-07:00

indent: first select the region what you want to apply indenting (if selecting all, use C-x h). and then use C-M-\ to indent
complete auto: M-/ , this is very useful.

Latex: how to comment out lines in emacs

2007-04-20T22:38:00.000-07:00

If you are editing a latex file by using emacs, then how to comment out lines and uncomment out lines? As you know, commenting out is just add '%' before the lines and uncommenting is remove '%' before the lines.

People said:
It is often necessary to comment out temporarily a region of TeX or LaTeX code. This can be done with the commands C-c ; and C-c %. C-c ; will comment out all lines in the current region, while C-c % will comment out the current paragraph. To uncomment, simply type C-u - C-c ; to uncomment all lines in the region, or C-u - C-c % uncomment all comment lines around point.

But I find an easier way: just use C-c ; to switch. For example, you have 3 lines without '%', then use C-c ; to add '%', then to uncomment, just use C-c ; again! Remember, before using the keys, to mark your region which you wanna (un)comment.

Linux: gaim and QQ

2007-04-20T21:37:00.000-07:00

Gaim 2.0.0beta6 in linux starts to support QQ. So we could use it to connect with our friends by QQ. :-)

http://www.pidgin.im/

Linux: how to show Chinese charactors using gedit

2007-04-20T00:55:00.000-07:00

'gedit' is an editor in Linux. It has been internationalized and is an excellent software. In order to show or type Chinese by it, need to select some Chinese codings like GB Hz, GB 2312 ect. First, you open a blank file, when you save it, you will be asked that what kind of coding you wanna use, please pick any one of Chinese code. Do NOT use 'AutoDect', sometimes it is not working.

Research: remove merged files on Westgrid

2007-04-18T15:13:00.000-07:00

Once files produced on Westgrid have been merged, should remember to remove for keeping durable space light. To do this:

Log in blackhole by my account same as SFU's
sudo su sam (run this for getting permission, note!! input my SFU password)
Go to Yann's directory (home)
Run the clean script.

Linux:exmacs: diff or compare

2007-04-17T22:05:00.000-07:00

                          Move around      |      Toggle features      |        Manipulate
                    =====================|===========================|=============================
                    p,DEL -previous diff |     | -vert/horiz split   |a/b -copy A/B's region to B/A
                    n,SPC -next diff     |     h -hilighting         | rx -restore buf X's old diff
                        j -jump to diff  |     @ -auto-refinement    |  * -refine current region
                       gx -goto X's point|                           |  ! -update diff regions
                      C-l -recenter      |    ## -ignore whitespace  |
                      v/V -scroll up/dn  | #f/#h -focus/hide regions | wx -save buf X
                       -scroll lt/rt  |     X -read-only in buf X | wd -save diff output
                        ~ -swap variants |     m -wide display       |
                    =====================|===========================|=============================
                        R -show registry |     = -compare regions    |  M   -show session group
                        D -diff output   |     E -browse Ediff manual|  G   -send bug report
                        i -status info   |     ? -help off           |  z/q -suspend/quit
                    -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                    For help on a specific command:  Click Button 2 over it; or
                                                       Put the cursor over it and type RET.

Linux: chinese input method

2007-04-17T20:38:00.000-07:00

My laptop has this method available, however, since the reason I mentioned in the last entry (notification area is not set on the panel), I cannot find it.

Here I am not gonna talk how to install it. Just say how to use it: open one program, right-click, find an entry 'Input method' and being ready to input.

After installing scim, make sure add the following lines into the file '~/.xinitrc'
scim -d
export XMODIFIERS=@im=SCIM
export GTK_IM_MODULE="scim"
export QT_IM_MODULE=scim
so that you don't need other settings.

Linux: notification area

2007-04-17T20:32:00.000-07:00

I am using Mandriva 2007. Since I installed that, I could not find icons that I launched every time. For example, I start "scim" (Smart Chinese Input Method), no any icon shows up. Also, 'network appel', it is always there (been started) but I don't know where it is (open its window). They are started, but because I didn't put a 'notification area' on the panel, they are not seen!! Today I suddenly realized that! And more icons running are over there such as 'network', 'power management', ...

Linux: ssh welcome text

2007-04-12T21:49:00.000-07:00

Add your SSH welcome information to the file /etc/motd.

Fun: image to ascii codes

2007-04-12T21:35:00.000-07:00

Here a list of available sites/softwares providing convertion from image to ascii.
http://dmoz.org/Arts/Visual_Arts/ASCII_Art/Software/
and a good one:
http://ascii.mastervb.net/